As political and civil liberties continue to be eroded around the world, the notion of political exile has gained renewed relevance in the study of global society. The anthropological study of exile focuses on individuals who are forced to leave their homeland for political reasons and often become potent symbols of freedom struggles globally. Their narratives enrich our understanding of human rights struggles across time and place and highlight the importance of safeguarding civil liberties in all societies.
Political exile has a long history, with famous examples such as John Milton’s poetry and political writings, and Napoleon’s experiences as he struggled for power in Europe during the turbulent 17th century. The experience of political exile influenced the development of many literary and political themes and highlighted the centrality of dissent in a democratic society.
Even today, people from countries like Russia are being pushed into exile, and their experiences illustrate the dynamic nature of exile and the ways it can shape identity, community, and the meaning of home and nation. Their lives also illuminate the ways that modern anthropology can contribute to the growing discourse on transnationalism and diaspora, conflict and violence, migration, and social memory.
Exiled communities such as the Russian diaspora have a unique role to play in the study of global society. While much research on migrants focuses on issues such as sociocultural adaptation, this type of community is different. Members of this community are political and morally committed to their cause, and they deliberately preserve connections with fellow citizens back in Russia.